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    Quarterly Update of the Financial Stability Report – September 2024
    (Banco de la República) Office of the Deputy Technical Governor; Office for Monetary Operations and International Investments; Financial Stability Department
    This document provides an update on the main risks faced by the local financial system. It assesses the quarterly evolution of vulnerabilities identified in the Financial Stability Report for the first half of 2024: i) sudden changes in global financial conditions; ii) materialization of credit risk; and iii) deterioration in the performance of financial institutions. Additionally, this update seeks to inform financial market participants and the public about the main risk mitigants and to present the in-depth analyses that will be featured in the Special Reports on Financial Stability and the Financial Stability Report for the second half of 2024.
    Reportes, Boletines e Informes. 2024-09-17
    Actualización trimestral del Reporte de Estabilidad Financiera – Septiembre de 2024
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    Financial Stability Report - Second Half of 2024
    (Banco de la República) Office of the Deputy Technical Governor; Office for Monetary Operations and International Investments; Financial Stability Department
    Reportes, Boletines e Informes. 2025-07-11
    Financial Stability Report - Second Half of 2024
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    Financial Infrastructure Report 2023
    (Banco de la República) Office of the Deputy Technical Governor; Vargas-Herrera, Hernando; Office for Monetary Operations and International Investments; Murcia-Pabón, Andrés; Financial Infrastructure Oversight Department; Machado-Franco, Clara Lía; Cadena-Silva, Carlos Alberto; Cepeda-López, Freddy Hernán; Lemus-Esquivel, Juan Sebastián; Jeferson Marín; Mariño-Martínez, Jorge Ricardo; Martínez-Ventura, Constanza; Miguélez-Márquez, Javier; Ciceri-Lozano, Aura María; Villalobos-Pérez, Jhonatan
    Introduction The Financial Infrastructure Report is a product of Banco de la República’s (Banrep) continuous efforts to scrutinize financial market infrastructures (FMIs) in Colombia, besides being a contribution to analyzing and monitoring the country’s financial stability. If FMIs are not managed properly, they can pose significant risks to the financial system and be a possible source of contagion, especially in periods of market stress. The domestic financial infrastructure during 2022 was safe and efficient, allowing the payment system and financial markets to operate normally, which lent stability and confidence to its participants. This 2023 edition of the Report includes analysis on the mitigation of intraday liquidity risk in the large-value payment system (CUD), as well as credit and liquidity risk based on countercyclical practices for the management of initial and variation margins in the Cámara de Riesgo Central de Contraparte S.A. (CRCC). In addition, the Report addresses two topics that are at the center of international debate. The first deals with cyber risk, an issue that cuts across the entire domestic financial infrastructure. It is considered one of the most relevant risks; therefore, its effective management has been the focus of recommendations by multilateral organizations. On this occasion, a section is included that outlines these recommendations and focuses on highlights in local progress towards achieving substantial levels of cyber resilience in the Colombian payment system. It is worth noting that Banco de la República is moving forward with a research agenda to quantify the impact instances of cyber risk could have on the payment system and on financial stability. The second topic addresses the need to analyze the adoption of special frameworks for orderly settlement on the part of central counterparties (CCPs), so as to mitigate systemic risk, recognizing the role these types of entities play in the development of markets and financial stability, as well as their essential contribution to mitigating counterparty and liquidity risks. As for retail payments, the use of electronic payment instruments rose significantly in value during 2022 compared to 2021. Transactional data shows the increase in the use of electronic transfers, both intra- and interbank, was particularly important, having become an object of greater innovation, as evidenced, for example, by the use of mobile wallets. Although the adoption for electronic transfers and debit and credit cards has increased in Colombia over the last ten years, compared to other economies, the country still has low levels in this respect. According to the most recent survey on perception of the use of payment instruments conducted by Banrep (2022), cash continues to be the instrument most used by Colombians for regular payments involving small amounts. This points to an important area for increasing the adoption of digital payments, which would materialize with implementation of the different initiatives the industry and the financial authorities (Ministry of Finance-URF, the Office of the Financial Superintendent of Colombia and Banco de la República) are carrying out to develop the instant payments ecosystem. On the other hand, analyses of the risks associated with crypto assets, which are understood as alternatives to the regulated assets in the traditional financial system, but traded in an unregulated digital environment, are also relevant. In this respect, the Report looks at the potential risks that could arise from the added adoption of stablecoins in economies, specifically in a global context where authorities are studying possibilities for using different mechanisms to contain the risks inherent in crypto assets. The third section of the Report deals with aspects such as smart contracts and programmable money, which are innovations that could be considered in an eventual issue of digital currencies by central banks. In keeping with the previous editions of this Report on matters related to central bank digital currencies (CBDC), this edition explains how these two technological functionalities could accompany the design of a retail CBDC, as well as some of the risks that should be considered. Also addressed in this section is the topic of standardized messaging, which is a trend in the field of payments. Reference is made to the United Kingdom’s experience with the adoption of standardized messaging, and its contributions to interoperability.
    Reportes, Boletines e Informes. 2023-12-14
    Financial Infrastructure Report - 2023
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    Financial Stability Report - First Half of 2022
    (Banco de la República) Office of the Deputy Technical Governor; Vargas-Herrera, Hernando; Office for Monetary Operations and International Investments; Cardozo-Ortiz, Pamela Andrea; Financial Stability Department; Osorio-Rodríguez, Daniel Esteban; Liquidity Support and Risk Control Section; Cardozo-Alvarado, Nathali; Systemic Risk Surveillance Section; Cabrera-Rodríguez, Wilmar-Alexander; Cely-Fernández, Jorge Humberto; Chipatecua-Peralta, Orlando; Clavijo-Ramírez, Felipe; Gamba-Santamaría, Santiago; Gómez-Molina, Andrés Camilo; Gualtero-Briceño, Daniela; Meneses-González, María Fernanda; Lizarazo-Cuellar, Angélica María; Narváez, Alida; Piñeros-Gordo, José Hernán; Pirateque-Niño, Javier Eliecer; Rodríguez-Novoa, Daniela; Sánchez-Quinto, Camilo Eduardo; Sarmiento-Paipilla, Néstor Miguel; Segovia-Baquero, Santiago David
    Reportes, Boletines e Informes. 2023-09-25
    Financial Stability Report - First Half 2022
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    Financial Stability Report - March 2017
    (Banco de la República) Banco de la República de Colombia; Echavarría, Juan José; Office of the Deputy Technical Governor; Vargas-Herrera, Hernando; Office for Monetary Operations and International Investments; Cardozo-Ortiz, Pamela Andrea; Morales-Acevedo, Paola; Osorio-Rodríguez, Daniel Esteban; Gómez-González, Esteban; Cely-Fernández, Jorge Humberto; Clavijo-Ramírez, Felipe; Gamba-Santamaría, Santiago; Hurtado-Guarín, Jorge Luis; Jaulín-Méndez, Oscar Fernando; Lizarazo-Cuellar, Angélica María; Mariño-Montaña, Juan Sebastián; Mendoza-Gutiérrez, Juan Carlos; Meneses-González, María Fernanda; Pacheco-Bernal, Daisy Johana; Segovia-Baquero, Santiago David; Yanquen, Eduardo; Yaruro-Jaime, Ana María
    Al analizar la situación de los establecimientos de crédito (EC) entre agosto de 2016 y febrero de 2017, se observó un menor crecimiento real de la cartera, explicado principalmente por la dinámica de la cartera comercial. En cuanto a los indicadores de calidad por riesgo (ICR) y calidad por mora (ICM), se presentaron incrementos para todas las modalidades de cartera; sin embargo, estos niveles en general se mantuvieron por debajo de los observados en 2009. Con respecto a la dinámica del pasivo, este continuó con la tendencia decreciente presentada desde el segundo semestre de 2016. Por composición, los certificados de depósito a término (CDT) de mayores plazos y las cuentas de ahorro aumentaron su participación. En cuanto a las instituciones financieras no bancarias (IFNB), en febrero de 2017 se registró una desaceleración de los activos tanto en posición propia como administrada, en comparación con lo observado en agosto de 2016. Con respecto a la composición del portafolio propio y de terceros, las inversiones se concentraron principalmente en títulos de deuda pública y privada de emisores nacionales. Además, en el mismo período se observaron incrementos en el indicador de rentabilidad sobre activos (ROA) para todos los tipos de entidad. El análisis de los principales deudores del sistema financiero muestra que el sector corporativo presentó una disminución en el endeudamiento como porcentaje del PIB durante 2016. En el caso del sector privado, la reducción obedeció a que el endeudamiento con instituciones financieras nacionales creció a un ritmo menor que el producto y a que el fondeo con proveedores del exterior se redujo a causa de la apreciación de la tasa de cambio. En el caso del sector público, la disminución se dio por un menor financiamiento en moneda extranjera con entidades financieras nacionales y por una reducción, debido a la apreciación del peso, del saldo de bonos emitidos en el exterior y del endeudamiento con entidades bilaterales. El endeudamiento de los hogares se aceleró entre agosto de 2016 y febrero de 2017, principalmente en la modalidad de consumo. La dinámica anterior estuvo acompañada de una relativa estabilidad en el indicador de carga financiera calculado a nivel agregado. Por su parte, el ICM y el ICR presentaron incrementos durante este periodo, destacándose el deterioro de los créditos de libre inversión. En relación con el riesgo de mercado, la principal exposición por parte de las entidades financieras estuvo concentrada en el mercado de renta fija. Estos títulos mostraron valorizaciones durante el último semestre de 2016 y los primeros meses de 2017, impulsadas por un mayor apetito por riesgo a nivel mundial y por cambios en la postura de política monetaria local. Durante la segunda mitad de 2016 el mercado de renta variable presentó un comportamiento estable debido a la baja volatilidad del precio del petróleo. El indicador de riesgo de liquidez (IRL) muestra que los EC contaron con niveles adecuados de recursos líquidos para cumplir con sus obligaciones de corto plazo. Por su parte, la dinámica de los pasivos y el patrimonio de los EC continuó con la tendencia decreciente presentada desde mediados de 2015, destacándose la contribución negativa de los depósitos a la vista, las operaciones pasivas del mercado monetario, y los créditos de bancos y obligaciones financieras. Por otro lado, se resalta que los depósitos a término fueron el componente del pasivo que más aportó positivamente al crecimiento real anual del fondeo. Por último, el ejercicio de sensibilidad propuesto evaluó la resiliencia de los EC ante un escenario negativo (y poco probable), con un choque sobre la inversión, una caída en la confianza global sobre la economía colombiana y la materialización de un conjunto de riesgos para el sistema (riesgo de crédito, riesgo de mercado y riesgo de fondeo). Los resultados indican que el impacto del escenario hipotético sobre la solvencia total de los EC tendría una magnitud moderada. Al mismo tiempo, se observarían ciertos efectos negativos sobre el volumen de la cartera, su calidad y la rentabilidad del negocio de intermediación. Lo anterior muestra la importancia de continuar con el monitoreo cuidadoso de la situación financiera de deudores y entidades.
    Reportes, Boletines e Informes. 2017-05-30
    Financial Stability Report - I Semester 2017
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    Financial Stability Report - Second Semester of 2020
    (Banco de la República) Banco de la República de Colombia; Echavarría, Juan José; Office of the Deputy Technical Governor; Vargas-Herrera, Hernando; Office for Monetary Operations and International Investments; Cardozo-Ortiz, Pamela Andrea; Financial Stability Department; Osorio-Rodríguez, Daniel Esteban; Systemic Risks Assessment Section; Cabrera-Rodríguez, Wilmar-Alexander; Liquidity Support and Risk Control Section; Cardozo-Alvarado, Nathali; Cely-Fernández, Jorge Humberto; Clavijo-Ramírez, Felipe; Gamba-Santamaría, Santiago; Gómez-Molina, Andrés Camilo; Gualtero-Briceño, Daniela; Meneses-González, María Fernanda; Lizarazo-Cuellar, Angélica María; Narváez, Alida; Pirateque-Niño, Javier Eliecer; Rodríguez-Novoa, Daniela; Sánchez-Quinto, Camilo Eduardo; Sarmiento-Paipilla, Néstor Miguel; Segovia-Baquero, Santiago David; Yanquen, Eduardo
    Reportes, Boletines e Informes. 2021-03-09
    Financial Stability Report - II Semester 2020
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    Financial Stability Report - First Half of 2019
    (Banco de la República) Office of the Deputy Technical Governor; Vargas-Herrera, Hernando; Office for Monetary Operations and International Investments; Cardozo-Ortiz, Pamela Andrea; Financial Stability Department; Osorio-Rodríguez, Daniel Esteban; Systemic Risks Section; Mendoza-Gutiérrez, Juan Carlos; Cabrera-Rodríguez, Wilmar-Alexander; Cardozo-Alvarado, Nathali; Cely-Fernández, Jorge Humberto; Gamba-Santamaría, Santiago; Jaulín-Méndez, Oscar Fernando; Lizarazo-Cuellar, Angélica María; Mariño-Montaña, Juan Sebastián; Meneses-González, María Fernanda; Quicazán-Moreno, Carlos Andrés; Segovia-Baquero, Santiago David; Yanquen, Eduardo
    This Financial Stability Report presents the appreciation of Banco de la República (the Central Bank of Colombia) on the recent performance of credit institutions and their debtors, as well as on the main risks and vulnerabilities that could have some effect on the financial stability of the Colombian economy. The Report intends to inform both participants in financial markets and the general public, besides promoting public debate on the trends and risks that may affect the financial system. The results herein presented also serve the monetary authority as an input in their decision-making to promote financial stability within the general context of the objectives of price stability and macroeconomic stability. 1. The financial system completed the process of adjustment to the macroeconomic shocks that have been observed since 2014: - Credit Risk - Lower profitability than the historical average - Low credit growth 2. The Colombian economy has a resilient financial system. This, together with recent advancements in prudential regulation, make it unlikely that domestic credit conditions may become a source of macroeconomic disturbance. 3. The economic recovery has allowed for: - Lower growth of non-performing loans - Lower growth of risky loans - Recovery of profitability - A trend towards a slight recovery in credit growth 4. The expected widening of the current account deficit of the Colombian economy and the latent risk of lower-than-expected growth for some trading partners pose vulnerabilities that, in the face of negative shocks, could affect the stability of the financial system. 5. Credit risk continues to materialize in sectors such as construction and agriculture; at the same time, its intensity has reduced in housing debt. Box 1. Indicator of Additional Probability of Recession Box 2. Aggregate Vulnerability Indicator Box 3. Indicator of Financial Conditions Box 4. The Role of the Supervisor in the Reversal of the Recent Deterioration in the Loan Portfolio Box 5. An Analysis of Financial Vulnerability using the Heuristic Method Box 6. Foreign Exchange Position and Capital Adequacy Ratio Box 7. Considerations Regarding the Memory of Credit Bureaus
    Reportes, Boletines e Informes. 2025-05-28
    Financial Stability Report - First Half of 2019
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    Financial Stability Report - First Semester of 2020
    (Banco de la República) Banco de la República de Colombia; Echavarría, Juan José; Office of the Deputy Technical Governor; Vargas-Herrera, Hernando; Office for Monetary Operations and International Investments; Cardozo-Ortiz, Pamela Andrea; Financial Stability Department; Osorio-Rodríguez, Daniel Esteban; Systemic Risks Assessment Section; Cabrera-Rodríguez, Wilmar-Alexander; Liquidity Support and Risk Control Section; Cardozo-Alvarado, Nathali; Cely-Fernández, Jorge Humberto; Clavijo-Ramírez, Felipe; Gamba-Santamaría, Santiago; Gómez-Molina, Andrés Camilo; Gualtero-Briceño, Daniela; Mariño-Montaña, Juan Sebastián; Meneses-González, María Fernanda; Narváez, Alida; Rodríguez-Novoa, Daniela; Sánchez-Quinto, Camilo Eduardo; Sarmiento-Paipilla, Néstor Miguel; Segovia-Baquero, Santiago David; Yanquen, Eduardo
    Reportes, Boletines e Informes. 2021-03-03
    Financial Stability Report - I Semester 2020
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    Financial Stability Report - Second Half of 2022
    (Banco de la República) Office of the Deputy Technical Governor; Vargas-Herrera, Hernando; Office for Monetary Operations and International Investments; Murcia-Pabón, Andrés; Financial Stability Department; Quicazán-Moreno, Carlos Andrés; Liquidity Support and Risk Control Section; Cardozo-Alvarado, Nathali; Systemic Risk Surveillance Section; Cabrera-Rodríguez, Wilmar-Alexander; Cely-Fernández, Jorge Humberto; Chipatecua-Peralta, Orlando; Clavijo-Ramírez, Felipe; Cuesta-Mora, Diego Fernando; Escobar-Villarraga, Mariana; Gómez-Molina, Andrés Camilo; Gualtero-Briceño, Daniela; Mariño-Montaña, Juan Sebastián; Meneses-González, María Fernanda; Lizarazo-Cuellar, Angélica María; Narváez, Alida; Piñeros-Gordo, José Hernán; Pirateque-Niño, Javier Eliecer; Rodríguez-Novoa, Daniela; Sánchez-Quinto, Camilo Eduardo; Sarmiento-Paipilla, Néstor Miguel; Escobar-Villarraga, Mariana
    Reportes, Boletines e Informes. 2023-09-11
    Financial Stability Report - Second Half of 2022
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    Foreign Reserves Management 2019
    (Banco de la República) Office of the Deputy Technical Governor; Vargas-Herrera, Hernando; Office for Monetary Operations and International Investments; Cardozo-Ortiz, Pamela Andrea; International Investments Department; Cifuentes, Diego Felipe; Cabrales, Andrés; Bohm, Jack; Espinosa, Carlos; Guerrero, Santiago; Rubio, Nicolás; Sierra, Adriana; Symington Alzate, Philip Rory; Galeano, Gladys Andrea; Cárdenas, Marisol; González, Sara; Hernández, Sergio; Rincón, Cristiam; Rubio, Orlando; Amaya, Christian; Sierra, Ingrid Marcela; Rodríguez, Mónica; Escobar-Villarraga, Mariana; Soto, Camilo; Sorza, Pedro; Garcés, Jaider; Restrepo, Camilo; Silva, Yesenia; Gómez, Miguel; Díaz, Daniel; Camilo, Cristian
    La Constitución Política de Colombia y la Ley 31 de 1992, artículo 14, asignan al Banco de la República la función de administrar las reservas internacionales. Asimismo, definen que estas deben ser manejadas con criterios de seguridad, liquidez y rentabilidad. El propósito de este documento es explicar la gestión de las reservas internacionales de Colombia, las cuales ascendían a USD 48.392 millones (m) a diciembre de 2018. Primero, se introducen los principales conceptos asociados con las reservas internacionales y el marco en el cual se fundamenta su gestión por parte del Banco. Posteriormente, se detalla la política de administración y los aspectos fundamentales de su operatividad. Por último, se realiza un recuento sobre el estado actual de las reservas.
    Reportes, Boletines e Informes. 2019-12-24
    Foreign Reserves Management - December 2019
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    Foreign Reserves Management 2021
    (Banco de la República) Office of the Deputy Technical Governor; Vargas-Herrera, Hernando; Office for Monetary Operations and International Investments; Cardozo-Ortiz, Pamela Andrea; International Investments Department; Cifuentes, Diego Felipe; Sub-Directorate for Portfolio Management; Cabrales, Andrés; Bohm, Jack; Espinosa, Carlos; Guerrero, Santiago; Rubio, Nicolás; Symington Alzate, Philip Rory; Rincón, Laura; Sub-Directorate for Risk Management; Galeano, Gladys Andrea; González, Sara; Hernández, Sergio; Rincón, Cristiam; Ortiz, Daniel; Pedreros, Ángel; Guerra, Juan Pablo; Sovereign Funds and Technical Support Section; Sierra, Ingrid Marcela; Rodríguez, Mónica; Escobar-Villarraga, Mariana; Rengifo, Mónica; Information Development and Management Section; Sorza, Pedro; Díaz, Nicolás; Restrepo, Camilo; Silva, Yesenia; Research and Analysis Group; Gómez, Miguel; Díaz, Daniel; P, Camilo Cristian; Rodríguez-Quintero, Laura
    La Constitución Política de Colombia y la Ley 31 de 1992, artículo 14, asignan al Banco de la República la función de administrar las reservas internacionales. Así mismo, definen que estas deben ser manejadas con criterios de seguridad, liquidez y rentabilidad. El propósito de este documento es explicar la gestión de las reservas internacionales de Colombia, las cuales ascendían a USD 59.031 millones (m) a diciembre de 2020. Primero, se introducen los principales conceptos asociados con las reservas internacionales y el marco en el cual se fundamenta su gestión por parte del Banco. Posteriormente, se detalla la política de administración y los aspectos fundamentales de su operatividad. Por último, se realiza un recuento sobre el estado actual de las reservas. Recuadro 1 - Indicadores de liquidez de las reservas internacionales Recuadro 2 - Definición de índices de referencia: introducción de expectativas neutrales en el proceso de optimización
    Reportes, Boletines e Informes. 2022-08-04
    Foreign Reserves Management 2021
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    Financial Stability Report - First Half of 2023
    (Banco de la República) Office of the Deputy Technical Governor; Vargas-Herrera, Hernando; Office for Monetary Operations and International Investments; Murcia-Pabón, Andrés; Financial Stability Department; Quicazán-Moreno, Carlos Andrés; Liquidity Support and Risk Control Section; Patiño-Echeverri, Lina Vanessa; Systemic Risk Surveillance Section; Mariño-Montaña, Juan Sebastián; Cely-Fernández, Jorge Humberto; Chipatecua-Peralta, Orlando; Clavijo-Ramírez, Felipe; Cuesta-Mora, Diego Fernando; Escobar-Villarraga, Mariana; Gómez-Molina, Andrés Camilo; Gualtero-Briceño, Daniela; Meneses-González, María Fernanda; Narváez, Alida; Piñeros-Gordo, José Hernán; Pirateque-Niño, Javier Eliecer; Rodríguez-Novoa, Daniela; Rozada-Najar, Angie; Sánchez-Quinto, Camilo Eduardo; Sarmiento-Paipilla, Néstor Miguel; Yanquen, Eduardo
    Reportes, Boletines e Informes. 2024-09-04
    Financial Stability Report - First Half of 2023
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    Payment Systems Report - June of 2020
    (Banco de la República) Office of the Deputy Technical Governor; Vargas-Herrera, Hernando; Office for Monetary Operations and International Investments; Cardozo-Ortiz, Pamela Andrea; Financial Infrastructure Oversight Department; Machado-Franco, Clara Lía; Cadena-Silva, Carlos Alberto; Cepeda-López, Freddy Hernán; Ciceri-Lozano, Aura María; León-Rincón, Carlos Eduardo; Mariño-Montaña, Juan Sebastián; Martínez-Ventura, Constanza; Miguélez-Márquez, Javier; Ortega-Castro, Fabio Gonzalo
    With its annual Payment Systems Report, Banco de la República offers a complete overview of the infrastructure of Colombia’s financial market. Each edition of the report has four objectives: 1) to publicize a consolidated account of how the figures for payment infrastructures have evolved with respect to both financial assets and goods and services; 2) to summarize the issues that are being debated internationally and are of interest to the industry that provides payment clearing and settlement services; 3) to offer the public an explanation of the ideas and concepts behind retail-value payment processes and the trends in retail payments within the circuit of individuals and companies; and 4) to familiarize the public, the industry, and all other financial authorities with the methodological progress that has been achieved through applied research to analyze the stability of payment systems. This edition introduces changes that have been made in the structure of the report, which are intended to make it easier and more enjoyable to read. The initial sections in this edition, which is the eleventh, contain an analysis of the statistics on the evolution and performance of financial market infrastructures. These are understood as multilateral systems wherein the participating entities clear, settle and register payments, securities, derivatives and other financial assets. The large-value payment system (CUD) saw less momentum in 2019 than it did the year before, mainly because of a decline in the amount of secondary market operations for government bonds, both in cash and sell/buy-backs, which was offset by an increase in operations with collective investment funds (CIFs) and Banco de la República’s operations to increase the money supply (repos). Consequently, the Central Securities Depository (DCV) registered less activity, due to fewer negotiations on the secondary market for public debt. This trend was also observed in the private debt market, as evidenced by the decline in the average amounts cleared and settled through the Central Securities Depository of Colombia (Deceval) and in the value of operations with financial derivatives cleared and settled through the Central Counterparty of Colombia (CRCC). Section three offers a comprehensive look at the market for retail-value payments; that is, transactions made by individuals and companies. During 2019, electronic transfers increased, and payments made with debit and credit cards continued to trend upward. In contrast, payments by check continued to decline, although the average daily value was almost four times the value of debit and credit card purchases. The same section contains the results of the fourth survey on how the use of retail-value payment instruments (for usual payments) is perceived. Conducted at the end of 2019, the main purpose of the survey was to identify the availability of these payment instruments, the public’s preferences for them, and their acceptance by merchants. It is worth noting that cash continues to be the instrument most used by the population for usual monthly payments (88.1% with respect to the number of payments and 87.4% in value). However, its use in terms of value has declined, having registered 89.6% in the 2017 survey. In turn, the level of acceptance by merchants of payment instruments other than cash is 14.1% for debit cards, 13.4% for credit cards, 8.2% for electronic transfers of funds and 1.8% for checks. The main reason for the use of cash is the absence of point-of-sale terminals at commercial establishments. Considering that the retail-payment market worldwide is influenced by constant innovation in payment services, by the modernization of clearing and settlement systems, and by the efforts of regulators to redefine the payment industry for the future, these trends are addressed in the fourth section of the report. There is an account of how innovations in technology-based financial payment services have developed, and it shows that while this topic is not new, it has evolved, particularly in terms of origin and vocation. One of the boxes that accompanies the fourth section deals with certain payment aspects of open banking and international experience in that regard, which has given the customers of a financial entity sovereignty over their data, allowing them, under transparent and secure conditions, to authorize a third party, other than their financial entity, to request information on their accounts with financial entities, thus enabling the third party to offer various financial services or initiate payments. Innovation also has sparked interest among international organizations, central banks, and research groups concerning the creation of digital currencies. Accordingly, the last box deals with the recent international debate on issuance of central bank digital currencies. In terms of the methodological progress that has been made, it is important to underscore the work that has been done on the role of central counterparties (CCPs) in mitigating liquidity and counterparty risk. The fifth section of the report offers an explanation of a document in which the work of CCPs in financial markets is analyzed and corroborated through an exercise that was built around the Central Counterparty of Colombia (CRCC) in the Colombian market for non-delivery peso-dollar forward exchange transactions, using the methodology of network topology. The results provide empirical support for the different theoretical models developed to study the effect of CCPs on financial markets. Finally, the results of research using artificial intelligence with information from the large-value payment system are presented. Based on the payments made among financial institutions in the large-value payment system, a methodology is used to compare different payment networks, as well as to determine which ones can be considered abnormal. The methodology shows signs that indicate when a network moves away from its historical trend, so it can be studied and monitored. A methodology similar to the one applied to classify images is used to make this comparison, the idea being to extract the main characteristics of the networks and use them as a parameter for comparison. Juan José Echavarría Governor
    Reportes, Boletines e Informes. 2021-02-23
    Payment Systems Report - June of 2020
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    Financial Infrastructure Report 2022
    (Banco de la República) Office of the Deputy Technical Governor; Vargas-Herrera, Hernando; Office for Monetary Operations and International Investments; Cardozo-Ortiz, Pamela Andrea; Financial Infrastructure Oversight Department; Machado-Franco, Clara Lía; Cadena-Silva, Carlos Alberto; Cepeda-López, Freddy Hernán; Ciceri-Lozano, Aura María; Marin-Giraldo, Jefferson Dario; Mariño-Martínez, Jorge Ricardo; Martínez-Ventura, Constanza; Miguélez-Márquez, Javier; Villalobos-Pérez, Jhonatan
    Reportes, Boletines e Informes. 2023-06-06
    Payment Systems Report - June of 2022
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    Financial Stability Report - Second Semester 2018
    (Banco de la República) Echavarría, Juan José; Office of the Deputy Technical Governor; Vargas-Herrera, Hernando; Office for Monetary Operations and International Investments; Cardozo-Ortiz, Pamela Andrea; Financial Stability Department; Osorio-Rodríguez, Daniel Esteban; Systemic Risks Section; Mendoza-Gutiérrez, Juan Carlos; Cabrera-Rodríguez, Wilmar-Alexander; Cardozo-Alvarado, Nathali; Cely-Fernández, Jorge Humberto; Gamba-Santamaría, Santiago; Jaulín-Méndez, Oscar Fernando; Lizarazo-Cuellar, Angélica María; Mariño-Montaña, Juan Sebastián; Meneses-González, María Fernanda; Quicazán-Moreno, Carlos Andrés; Segovia-Baquero, Santiago David; Yanquen, Eduardo
    Este Reporte de Estabilidad Financiera cumple el objetivo de presentar la apreciación del Banco de la República sobre el desempeño reciente de los establecimientos de crédito y sus deudores, así como sobre los principales riesgos y vulnerabilidades que podrían tener algún efecto sobre la estabilidad financiera de la economía colombiana. Con este objetivo se pretende informar a los participantes en los mercados financieros y al público, además de promover el debate público sobre las tendencias y los riesgos que atañen al sistema financiero. Los resultados aquí presentados sirven también a la autoridad monetaria como base para la toma de decisiones que permitan promover la estabilidad financiera en el contexto general de los objetivos de estabilidad de precios y estabilidad macroeconómica. 1. Sistema financiero avanza en proceso de ajuste a choques macroeconómicos desde 2014: – Baja rentabilidad – Bajo crecimiento de la cartera 2. Se ha hecho evidente la resiliencia de las entidades financieras, que han mantenido indicadores sólidos de solvencia y de liquidez durante todo el proceso de ajuste. 3. La recuperación económica ha mitigado gradualmente las principales vulnerabilidades de corto plazo para la estabilidad del sistema financiero identificadas hace seis meses: – Menor crecimiento de cartera vencida – Menor crecimiento de cartera en riesgo 4. La principal vulnerabilidad que enfrenta actualmente la estabilidad financiera de la economía colombiana es el riesgo de mayores restricciones en el financiamiento externo de la economía en un contexto de incrementos de las tasas de interés globales y posibles turbulencias en economías emergentes, con los consecuentes efectos potenciales sobre la demanda agregada. 5. Continúa observándose una materialización del riesgo de crédito en sectores económicos como la construcción y la agricultura y, en menor medida, en la cartera de vivienda.
    Reportes, Boletines e Informes. 2019-04-12
    Financial Stability Report - II Semester 2018
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    Open Access
    Payment Systems Report - June of 2021
    (Banco de la República) Office of the Deputy Technical Governor; Vargas-Herrera, Hernando; Office for Monetary Operations and International Investments; Cardozo-Ortiz, Pamela Andrea; Financial Infrastructure Oversight Department; Machado-Franco, Clara Lía; Cadena-Silva, Carlos Alberto; Cepeda-López, Freddy Hernán; Ciceri-Lozano, Aura María; León-Rincón, Carlos Eduardo; Mariño-Martínez, Jorge Ricardo; Martínez-Ventura, Constanza; Miguélez-Márquez, Javier; Ortega-Castro, Fabio Gonzalo
    Banco de la República provides a comprehensive overview of Colombia’s finan¬cial infrastructure in its Payment Systems Report, which is an important product of the work it does to oversee that infrastructure. The figures published in this edition of the report are for the year 2020, a pandemic period in which the con¬tainment measures designed and adopted to alleviate the strain on the health system led to a sharp reduction in economic activity and consumption in Colom¬bia, as was the case in most countries. At the start of the pandemic, the Board of Directors of Banco de la República adopted decisions that were necessary to supply the market with ample liquid¬ity in pesos and US dollars to guarantee market stability, protect the payment system and preserve the supply of credit. The pronounced growth in mone¬tary aggregates reflected an increased preference for liquidity, which Banco de la República addressed at the right time. These decisions were implemented through operations that were cleared and settled via the financial infrastructure. The second section of this report, following the introduction, offers an analysis of how the various financial infrastructures in Colombia have evolved and per¬formed. One of the highlights is the large-value payment system (CUD), which registered more momentum in 2020 than during the previous year, mainly be¬cause of an increase in average daily remunerated deposits made with Banco de la República by the General Directorate of Public Credit and the National Treasury (DGCPTN), as well as more activity in the sell/buy-back market with sovereign debt. Consequently, with more activity in the CUD, the Central Securi¬ties Depository (DCV) experienced an added impetus sparked by an increase in the money market for bonds and securities placed on the primary market by the national government. The value of operations cleared and settled through the Colombian Central Counterparty (CRCC) continues to grow, propelled largely by peso/dollar non-deliverable forward (NDF) contracts. With respect to the CRCC, it is important to note this clearing house has been in charge of managing risks and clearing and settling operations in the peso/dollar spot market since the end of last year, following its merger with the Foreign Exchange Clearing House of Colombia (CCDC). Since the final quarter of 2020, the CRCC has also been re¬sponsible for clearing and settlement in the equities market, which was former¬ly done by the Colombian Stock Exchange (BVC). The third section of this report provides an all-inclusive view of payments in the market for goods and services; namely, transactions carried out by members of the public and non-financial institutions. During the pandemic, inter- and intra-bank electronic funds transfers, which originate mostly with companies, increased in both the number and value of transactions with respect to 2019. However, debit and credit card payments, which are made largely by private citizens, declined compared to 2019. The incidence of payment by check contin¬ue to drop, exhibiting quite a pronounced downward trend during the past last year. To supplement to the information on electronic funds transfers, section three includes a segment (Box 4) characterizing the population with savings and checking accounts, based on data from a survey by Banco de la República con-cerning the perception of the use of payment instruments in 2019. There also is segment (Box 2) on the growth in transactions with a mobile wallet provided by a company specialized in electronic deposits and payments (Sedpe). It shows the number of users and the value of their transactions have increased since the wallet was introduced in late 2017, particularly during the pandemic. In addition, there is a diagnosis of the effects of the pandemic on the payment patterns of the population, based on data related to the use of cash in circu¬lation, payments with electronic instruments, and consumption and consumer confidence. The conclusion is that the collapse in the consumer confidence in¬dex and the drop in private consumption led to changes in the public’s pay¬ment patterns. Credit and debit card purchases were down, while payments for goods and services through electronic funds transfers increased. These findings, coupled with the considerable increase in cash in circulation, might indicate a possible precautionary cash hoarding by individuals and more use of cash as a payment instrument. There is also a segment (in Focus 3) on the major changes introduced in regulations on the retail-value payment system in Colombia, as provided for in Decree 1692 of December 2020. The fourth section of this report refers to the important innovations and tech¬nological changes that have occurred in the retail-value payment system. Four themes are highlighted in this respect. The first is a key point in building the financial infrastructure for instant payments. It involves of the design and im¬plementation of overlay schemes, a technological development that allows the various participants in the payment chain to communicate openly. The result is a high degree of interoperability among the different payment service providers. The second topic explores developments in the international debate on central bank digital currency (CBDC). The purpose is to understand how it could impact the retail-value payment system and the use of cash if it were to be issued. The third topic is related to new forms of payment initiation, such as QR codes, bio¬metrics or near field communication (NFC) technology. These seemingly small changes can have a major impact on the user’s experience with the retail-value payment system. The fourth theme is the growth in payments via mobile tele¬phone and the internet. The report ends in section five with a review of two papers on applied research done at Banco de la República in 2020. The first analyzes the extent of the CRCC’s capital, acknowledging the relevant role this infrastructure has acquired in pro¬viding clearing and settlement services for various financial markets in Colom¬bia. The capital requirements defined for central counterparties in some jurisdic¬tions are explored, and the risks to be hedged are identified from the standpoint of the service these type of institutions offer to the market and those associated with their corporate activity. The CRCC’s capital levels are analyzed in light of what has been observed in the European Union’s regulations, and the conclusion is that the CRCC has a scheme of security rings very similar to those applied internationally and the extent of its capital exceeds what is stipulated in Colombian regulations, being sufficient to hedge other risks. The second study presents an algorithm used to identify and quantify the liquidity sources that CUD’s participants use under normal conditions to meet their daily obligations in the local financial market. This algorithm can be used as a tool to monitor intraday liquidity. Leonardo Villar Gómez Governor
    Reportes, Boletines e Informes. 2022-02-01
    Payment Systems Report - June of 2021
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    Open Access
    Financial Stability Report - First Semester 2018
    (Banco de la República) Echavarría, Juan José; Office of the Deputy Technical Governor; Vargas-Herrera, Hernando; Office for Monetary Operations and International Investments; Cardozo-Ortiz, Pamela Andrea; Morales-Acevedo, Paola; Financial Stability Department; Osorio-Rodríguez, Daniel Esteban; Systemic Risks Section; Mendoza-Gutiérrez, Juan Carlos; Cardozo-Alvarado, Nathali; Cely-Fernández, Jorge Humberto; Clavijo-Ramírez, Felipe; Gamba-Santamaría, Santiago; Jaulín-Méndez, Oscar Fernando; Lizarazo-Cuellar, Angélica María; Mariño-Montaña, Juan Sebastián; Meneses-González, María Fernanda; Pacheco-Bernal, Daisy Johana; Quicazán-Moreno, Carlos Andrés; Segovia-Baquero, Santiago David; Yanquen, Eduardo; Blanco, Santiago; Parra, Luis Eduardo
    1.La recuperación económica ha mitigado gradualmente las principales vulnerabilidades de corto plazo para la estabilidad del sistema financiero. 2.Los establecimientos de crédito continúan manteniendo indicadores sólidos de solvencia y liquidez, pese a la reducción en la rentabilidad y al bajo crecimiento del volumen de crédito. 3.Las principales vulnerabilidades para la estabilidad financiera están asociadas con: •El efecto rezagado del bajo crecimiento económico sobre la materialización del riesgo de crédito. •El riesgo de un menor crecimiento económico en el futuro cercano. 4.Al cierre de 2017 se observan menores incrementos en la cartera riesgosa y vencida del sector corporativo y de los hogares colombianos.
    Reportes, Boletines e Informes. 2019-04-12
    Financial Stability Report - I Semester 2018